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Tendon (Sinew): What It Is, Anatomy & Function
Tendons (sinews) are fibrous tissues that connect your muscles to your bones all over your body. They allow your limbs to move and help prevent muscle injury.

Tendon - Wikipedia
It sends the mechanical forces of muscle contraction to the skeletal system, while withstanding tension. Tendons, like ligaments, are made of collagen. The difference is that ligaments connect bone to bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone. There are about 4,000 tendons in the adult human body. [1][2]

What Is a Tendon? Structure, Function, and Healing
Learn what tendons are made of, how they connect muscle to bone, and why they heal so slowly compared to other tissues.

What Are Tendons? How They Work and More - WebMD
Here’s all you need to know about tendons. What Are Tendons? A tendon is a flexible, cord or rope-like connective tissue. It forms a bridge that connects your muscles to your bones.

Tendons: Anatomy, Functions & Common Conditions - Lab Tests Guide
Tendons are strong bands of connective tissue that attach muscles to bones, helping transmit muscle force and produce controlled movement of the joints and body.

Tendon | Description & Function | Britannica
Tendon, tissue that attaches a muscle to other body parts, usually bones. Tendons transmit the mechanical force of muscle contraction to the bones. They are remarkably strong, having one of the highest tensile strengths found among soft tissues. Learn about the anatomy and physiology of tendons.

Tendons vs. Ligaments: Definitions, Injuries, and Treatment
Tendons and ligaments are crucial for movement, yet they often get confused. Tendons connect muscles to bones, while ligaments link bones to each other, stabilizing joints.

Tendons – Definition, Types, List of Tendons, Functions & More
Tendons function as dynamic mechanical bridges, facilitating the transfer of muscle force to bones and joints, thus enabling purposeful movements. These complex structures are tailored to the muscles they serve, reflecting specific morphologies and functions.

Ligament vs. Tendon: What’s the Difference? - Healthline
You have thousands of ligaments and tendons in your body. Both are made of connective tissue and can be torn or overstretched, but they differ in function and are essential to proper body...

How Tendons Work and Heal — patient education
Tendons are the body's cables, tough cords that connect muscle to bone and transmit the pull of the muscle into movement. When you bend a finger or lift your arm, it is tendons doing the work of carrying that force across the joint.

* Rheumatology101 LATEST NEWS *

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CT Scan Versus MRI Versus X-Ray: What Type of Imaging Do I Need?  Johns Hopkins Medicine
5 Tips to Prevent Elbow Tendonitis, According to a Doctor  Hartford Hospital
George Kittle injury: It could take San Francisco 49ers tight end up to 1 year to recover from Achilles tear, UCSF doctor says  ABC7 Bay Area
Klay Thompson, Kevin Durant perspective: A doctor on Achilles’ ruptures in basketball  The New York Times
Warriors News: Doctor Reveals Key Detail Behind Moses Moody Surgery Timing  Heavy.com
Ankle Injuries — When to See a Doctor  Mass General Brigham
Lunges, squats and holds for stronger tendons and ligaments  UC Davis Health
Bay Area doctor shoots down 'baseless' claim that 49ers injuries are caused by EMF from substation near Levi's Stadium  ABC7 Bay Area
UF Health researchers find quinolone ear drops associated with tendon ruptures  UF Health - University of Florida Health
The Top 5 Pickleball Injuries: Symptoms, Prevention and When to See a Doctor  MetroHealth
Chronic Pain Relief Without Major Surgery: How Patricia Got Her Life Back  Hackensack Meridian Health
Kristaps Porzingis tendon injury similar to Curt Schilling's in 2004, Boston doctor says  CBS News
High satisfaction rates and positive outcomes for Bridle procedure for foot drop  Mayo Clinic
Wrist injuries: When to see a doctor  www.multicare.org
Woman's Doctor: Be aware of the early warning signs of Achilles injuries  WBAL-TV

Common Rheumatological Symptoms

Joint Pain (Arthralgia) — Persistent discomfort or soreness in one or more joints caused by inflammation, wear and tear, or underlying autoimmune responses.
Morning Stiffness — Reduced joint mobility and tightness upon waking, often lasting over 30 to 60 minutes in inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
Joint Swelling and Edema — Visible enlargement of affected joints resulting from fluid accumulation in the synovial membrane and inflamed surrounding tissue.
Localized Warmth and Redness — Elevated temperature and erythema skin discoloration surrounding inflamed joints due to increased blood flow from localized inflammation.
Systemic Fatigue — Overwhelming exhaustion and lack of energy caused by ongoing chronic inflammatory cytokine activity throughout the body.
Raynaud's Phenomenon — Temporary color changes in fingers or toes turning white, blue, and red in response to cold or stress due to vascular spasms.
Malar or Butterfly Rash — Red or purplish facial rash spanning across the bridge of the nose and cheeks, classically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Milestones in Rheumatology History

c. 400 BC: Hippocratic Corpus Coining — Hippocrates uses the term "rheuma" to describe body humors flowing into joints, establishing the early classical concept of joint inflammation.
1592: Formal Definition of Rheumatism — French physician Guillaume de Baillou introduces the modern term "rheumatism" to distinguish systemic acute arthritis from localized gout.
1800: Clinical Description of Rheumatoid Arthritis — Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais publishes the first detailed clinical description separating rheumatoid arthritis from gout, calling it "asthenic gout."
1859: Naming of Rheumatoid Arthritis — Sir Alfred Baring Garrod formally coins the term "rheumatoid arthritis" to clearly differentiate the inflammatory autoimmune condition from osteoarthritis and gout.
1940: Discovery of the Rheumatoid Factor — Erik Waaler discovers autoantibodies in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, laying the groundwork for serological autoimmune diagnostics.
1948: Introduction of Corticosteroid Therapy — Philip Hench and Edward Kendall demonstrate the dramatic anti-inflammatory effects of Compound E (cortisone) in treating rheumatoid arthritis, earning the Nobel Prize.
1998: Emergence of Biologic DMARDs — The FDA approves the first TNF-alpha inhibitors, ushering in the modern era of targeted biologic therapies for autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

Current Trends in Rheumatology Research

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Reset Therapy — Investigating engineered cellular therapies to achieve drug-free, durable clinical remissions by completely depleting pathogenic autoantibodies in severe refractory lupus and systemic sclerosis.
Selective TYK2 and Oral JAK Pathway Inhibition — Developing highly targeted, small-molecule oral inhibitors like deucravacitinib that disrupt specific cytokine signaling pathways while minimizing broader off-target side effects.
Targeted Pathogenic T-Cell and B-Cell Depletion — Evaluating novel biologics, such as rosnilimab and ianalumab, designed to selectively deplete overactive immune cell subpopulations involved in rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren's disease.
Biomarker-Driven Precision Medicine — Utilizing pharmacogenomics and molecular biomarkers to predict individualized therapeutic responses and match systemic autoimmune conditions to specific biological mechanisms.
Subclinical Interception and Disease Prevention — Identifying seropositive individuals early using high-risk autoantibody profiles to initiate preventive targeted therapies before irreversible joint damage occurs.
Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Disease Modeling — Deploying machine learning algorithms across electronic health records and imaging modalities to forecast inflammatory flares and refine diagnostic accuracy.